If MRI is Preferred CT cannot be authorized without a statement that MRI is not available, has been done but was nondiagnostic, or that the patient cannot tolerate an MR examination.
1.1.1 Industrial exposure eliminated
1.1.2.1 Timo Hannu , Elina Toskala , Timo Tuomi , and Markku Sainio Anosmia in association with occupational use of a waterproof coating chemical Occup Med (Lond) 55: 142-144.
1.1.2.2 Li, C, Yousem, DM, Doty, RL, Kennedy, DW Neuroimaging in patients with olfactory dysfunction Am. J. Roentgenol. 1994 162: 411-418
1.2.1.1 ACE inhibitor cessation (if appropriate),
1.2.1.2 Bronchodilators if asthmatic
1.2.1.3 GERD empirical treatment,
1.2.1.4 Post nasal drip empirical treatment,
1.2.1.5 Smoking cessation
1.2.2.1 Irwin, Richard S., Baumann, et al Diagnosis and Management of Cough Executive Summary: ACCP Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines Chest 2006 129: 1S-23
1.2.2.2 Bucca, Caterina B., Culla, Beatrice, Guida, Giuseppe, Heffler, Enrico, Bigo, Patrizia, Bugiani, Massimiliano, Brussino, Luisa CHARACTERISTICS OF UPPER AIRWAY COUGH SYNDROME (UACS) Chest 2008 134: s16003
1.2.2.3 Melvin R. Pratter Chronic Upper Airway Cough Syndrome Secondary to Rhinosinus Diseases (Previously Referred to as Postnasal Drip Syndrome) Chest January 2006 129:63S-71S; doi:10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.63S
1.3 CSF Rhinorrhea (proven by a positive Beta-2 transferrin test of the nasal discharge)
1.4.1 Industrial exposure eliminated
1.5.1 Malignancy is supected
1.5.2 Surgery is planned
1.5.3.1 Pope, L E R, Hobbs, C G L Epistaxis: an update on current management Postgrad Med J 2005 81: 309-314
1.5.3.2 Lustig Lawrence R, Schindler Joshua, “Chapter 8. Ear, Nose, & Throat Disorders” (Chapter). McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, Tierney LM, Jr.: CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2009: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2356.
1.6.1 Malignancy is supected
1.6.2 Surgery is planned
1.6.3.1 Pope, L E R, Hobbs, C G L Epistaxis: an update on current management Postgrad Med J 2005 81: 309-314
1.7.1.1 Lustig Lawrence R, Schindler Joshua, “Chapter 8. Ear, Nose, & Throat Disorders” (Chapter). McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, Tierney LM, Jr.: CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2009: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2356.
2.1.1 Positive Beta-2 transferrin test of the nasal discharge
2.1.2 Beta-2 transferrin test of the nasal discharge not possible due to low volume or intermittent cerebrospinal fluid leak with a strong clinical suspicion for leak due to other clinical findings such as otorrhea, rhinorrhea after trauma, or recurrent meningitis
2.2.1.1 Fischbein Nancy J, Ong Kenneth C, “Chapter 3. Radiology” (Chapter). Lalwani AK: CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment in Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, 2nd Edition: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2825206.q
2.2.1.2 Akan, H, Cihan, B, Celenk, C Sphenoid sinus mucocele causing third nerve paralysis: CT and MR findings Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2004 33: 342-344
cele causing third nerve paralysis: CT and MR findings Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2004 33: 342-344