MRA (Magnetic Resonance Angiogram) Carotid and Vertebral 70547 70548 70549

2.1.7.1 Stewart Lloyd Carotid artery dissection following minimal postural trauma in a firefighter Occup Med (Lond) 54: 430-431.

2.1.7.2 B Thanvi, S K Munshi, S L Dawson, T G Robinson Carotid and vertebral artery dissection syndromes Postgrad Med J 2005;81:383-388

2.1.7.3 Ernst, E Adverse effects of spinal manipulation: a systematic review J R Soc Med 2007 100: 330-338

2.1.7.4 D J M Macdonald, E C A McKillop Carotid artery dissection after treadmill running Br J Sports Med 2006

2.2.1.1 Amaurosis fugax

2.2.1.2 Amnesia

2.2.1.3 Aphasia, sudden onset of

2.2.1.4 Ataxia

2.2.1.5 Cognitive changes

2.2.1.6 Conjugate gaze paralysis

2.2.1.7 Cortical blindness

2.2.1.8 Diplopia

2.2.1.9 Disorientation (cognitive change)

2.2.1.10 Dizziness or vertigo with any other neurological sign

2.2.1.11 Double vision, Diplopia

2.2.1.12 Drop Attack

2.2.1.13 Dysarthria

2.2.1.14 Dysphagia

2.2.1.15 Facial numbness or paresthesias

2.2.1.16 Facial pain, unilateral

2.2.1.17 Focal neurologic deficit, sudden onset of

2.2.1.18 Hand spasms

2.2.1.19 Headache, may be unilateral

2.2.1.20 Hearing Loss

2.2.1.21 Homonymous hemianopia

2.2.1.22 Intention tremor

2.2.1.23 Loss of vision

2.2.1.24 Memory loss (cognitive change)

2.2.1.25 Motor speech disorder

2.2.1.26 Nausea

2.2.1.27 Neck pain

2.2.1.28 Numbness

2.2.1.30 Oculosympathetic palsey (miosis and ptosis)

2.2.1.31 Ophthalmoplegia

2.2.1.32 Paralysis, of tongue

2.2.1.33 Paralysis, sudden onset of

2.2.1.34 Sensory changes, sudden onset of

2.2.1.35 Syncope

2.2.1.38 Visual Changes

2.2.1.39 Vomiting

2.2.1.40 Weakness involving structures on both sides of the body

2.2.1.41 Weakness, sudden onset of

2.2.2.1 Autosomal Polycystic Kidney Disease

2.2.2.2 Cardiac irregularities

2.2.2.3 Chronic HTN

2.2.2.4 circulation problems in other parts of the body

2.2.2.5 Diabetes

2.2.2.6 Drug use

2.2.2.7 heart disease

2.2.2.8 Hypercholesterolimia

2.2.2.9 inflammatory disorder of the carotid wall

2.2.2.10 severe anemia

2.2.2.11 Smoker

2.2.2.12 VERY low BP

2.2.3.1 Barnett HJ, Taylor DW, Eliasziw M, et al. Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis: North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:1415-1425

2.2.3.2 Mark J.W. Koelemay, Paul J. Nederkoorn, Johannes B. Reitsma, and Charles B. Majoie Systematic Review of Computed Tomographic Angiography for Assessment of Carotid Artery Disease Stroke 35: 2306-2312

2.2.3.3 Constantine C. Phatouros, Randall T. Higashida, Adel M. Malek, Philip M. Meyers, Todd E. Lempert, Christopher F. Dowd, and Van V. Halbach Carotid Artery Stent Placement for Atherosclerotic Disease: Rationale, Technique, and Current Status Radiology 2000

2.2.3.4 Josephson, S. A., Bryant, S. O., Mak, H. K., Johnston, S. C., Dillon, W. P., Smith, W. S. Evaluation of carotid stenosis using CT angiography in the initial evaluation of stroke and TIA Neurology 2004 63: 457-460

5.3.2.1 “About 1% of patients with a symptomatic ICA stenosis have an intracranial aneurysm with a higher than negligible risk of rupture… ”

5.3.2.2 Laura M. Héman, Lisa M. Jongen, H. Bart van der Worp, Gabriel J.E. Rinkel, and Jeroen Hendrikse ” Incidental Intracranial Aneurysms in Patients With Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis: A CT Angiography Study and a Metaanalysis Stroke, Apr 2009; 40: 1341 – 1346.