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MRI Brain 70551 70552 70553

1.1.1.1 Frederick Shane, Danzl Daniel F, “Chapter 41. Metabolic & Endocrine Emergencies” (Chapter). Stone CK, Humphries RL: CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Emergency Medicine, 6th Edition: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=3112282

1.2.1 Headache

1.2.2.1 Elevated WBC

1.2.2.2 Fever

1.2.3 Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

1.2.4 Stroke

1.2.5 Suspected Pseudotumor Cerebri

1.2.6 Trauma, recent history of

1.2.7 Vasculitis

1.2.8.1 Practice parameter: the utility of neuroimaging in the evaluation of headache in patients with normal neurological examinations (summary statement). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 1994; 44:1353-1354.

1.2.8.2 F. K. Alehan; Value of Neuroimaging in the Evaluation of Neurologically Normal Children With Recurrent Headache; J Child Neurol, January 1, 2002; 17(11): 807 – 809.

1.2.8.3 Maytal, Joseph, Bienkowski, Robert S., Patel, Mahendra, Eviatar, Lydia; The Value of Brain Imaging in Children With Headaches; Pediatrics 1995 96: 413-416

1.2.8.4 Yoshito Tsushima, and Keigo Endo; MR Imaging in the Evaluation of Chronic or Recurrent Headache; Radiology 2005 235: 575-579

1.2.8.5 Dodick, David W.; Chronic Daily Headache;N Engl J Med 2006 354: 158-165

1.2.8.6 Michael E. Detsky, BSc; Devon R. McDonald, BSc; Mark O. Baerlocher, MD; George A. Tomlinson, PhD; Douglas C. McCrory, MD, MHSc; Christopher M. Booth, MD, FRCPC; Does This Patient With Headache Have a Migraine or Need Neuroimaging?; JAMA. 2006;296:1274-1283.

1.2.8.7 Zahid H Bajwa, MD, R Joshua Wootton, MDiv, PhD; Evaluation of headache in adults; UpToDate Online 15.2 accessed 7/18/07

1.2.8.8 Malm, Jan, Eklund, Anders Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus PRACTICAL NEUROLOGY 2006 6: 14-27

1.2.8.9 Marvin A Fishman, MD Hydrocephalus UpToDate 15.2 accessed 7/18/07

1.2.8.10 TE Gammal, MB Allen, Jr, BS Brooks, and EK Mark MR evaluation of hydrocephalus Am. J. Roentgenol., Oct 1987; 149: 807 – 813.

1.2.8.11 C. M. Fisher Hydrocephalus as a cause of disturbances of gait in the elderly Neurology, Dec 1982; 32: 1358.

1.3.1 Suspected tumor affecting Cranial Nerve

1.4.1 Suspected tumor affecting Cranial Nerve

1.5.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA

1.6.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA

1.6.2 Trauma

1.7.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA

1.8.1 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH suspected)

1.9.1 Hydocephalus

1.9.2 Multiple Sclerosis

1.9.3 Suspect Stroke or TIA

1.10.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA

1.11 Calvarial mass

1.12.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA

1.13.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA

1.14.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA

1.15.1 Prerequisite: Testing for TSH, ELectrolytes, and B12 must be completed and nondiagnostic

1.15.2.1 Agnosia

1.15.2.2 Aphasia

1.15.2.3 Apraxia

1.15.2.4 Confusion

1.15.2.5 Disorientation

1.15.2.6 Fluctuating cognition

1.15.2.7 Memory loss

1.15.2.8 Mini Mental State score of 24 or less on two occasions

1.15.2.9 Recurrent visual hallucinations

1.15.2.10 Spontaneous motor features of Parkinsonism

1.15.2.11 Trauma, recent history of

1.15.3.1 Knopman DS; DeKosky ST; Cummings JL; Chui H; Corey-Bloom J; Relkin N; Small GW; Miller B; Stevens JC Practice parameter: diagnosis of dementia (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2001 May 8;56(9):1143-53.

1.16.1 Pseudotumor Cerebri

1.16.2 Suspect Stroke or TIA

1.16.3 Suspected tumor affecting Cranial Nerve

1.17.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA

1.18.1 NOTE: “The life-time prevalence of dizziness in general population is estimated from 5.5% to 25-30% in the United States depending on the criteria adopted (Kroenke and Mangelsdorff, 1989; Colledge et al., 1994; Yardley et al., 1998b).”

1.18.2.1 Altered mental state

1.18.2.2 Cranial neuropathies

1.18.2.3 Diabetes mellitus, by history

1.18.2.4 Hearing Loss

1.18.2.5 Loss of vision

1.18.2.6 Nausea or Vomiting

1.18.2.7 Nystagmus

1.18.2.8 Stroke, prior history of

1.18.2.9 Tinnitus

1.18.2.10 Weakness or paralysis

1.18.3.1 Kevin Barraclough, Adolfo Bronstein Vertigo BMJ 2009;339:b3493, doi: 10.1136/bmj.b3493 (Published 22 September 2009) http://www.bmj.com/content/vol339/issuesep22_1/images/large/bark673889.f1_default.jpeg

1.18.3.2 David E. Newman-Toker, et al; Spectrum of Dizziness Visits to US Emergency Departments: Cross-Sectional Analysis From a Nationally Representative Sample; Mayo Clin Proc. July 2008 83(7):765-775; doi:10.4065/83.7.765

1.18.3.3 C S K Cheung, P S K Mak, K V Manley, J M Y Lam, A Y L Tsang, H M S Chan, T H Rainer, C A Graham Predictors of important neurological causes of dizziness among patients presenting to the emergency department Emerg Med J 2010;27:517-521 doi:10.1136/emj.2009.078014

1.18.3.4 Ropper AH, Brown RH, “Chapter 15. Deafness, Dizziness, and Disorders of Equilibrium” (Chapter). Ropper AH, Brown RH: Adams and Victor’s Principles of Neurology, 8th Edition

1.18.3.5 Daroff Robert B, “Chapter 22. Dizziness and Vertigo” (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th Edition: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2886671

1.18.3.6 Jeffrey P. Staab; Michael J. Ruckenstein Expanding the Differential Diagnosis of Chronic Dizziness Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;133(2):170-176.

1.18.3.7 Irwin Nazareth , Lucy Yardley , Natalie Owen , and Linda Luxon Outcome of symptoms of dizziness in a general practice community sample Fam. Pract. 16: 616-618.

1.18.3.8 M Wasay, N Dubey, and R Bakshi Emerg Dizziness and yield of emergency head CT scan: Is it cost effective? Med J. 2005 April; 22(4): 312. doi: 10.1136/emj.2003.012765. PMCID: PMC1726733

1.18.3.9 Ramos, R Antidepressants and Dizziness Journal of Psychopharmacology 20:5 (sept 2003) p 708

1.19.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA

1.20 Dysequilibrium See Dizziness

1.21.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA

1.22.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA

1.23.1 Suspected tumor affecting Cranial Nerve

1.24.1 Altered pattern

1.24.2 Central Venous Thrombosis

1.24.3 Infection (fever, elevated white count, immunosuppressed)

1.24.4 New onset

1.24.5 Prior to Surgical intervention

1.24.6 Trauma

1.24.7.1 L. Santiago Medina, Byron Bernal, Catalina Dunoyer, Luisa Cervantes, Marelis Rodriguez, Esperanza Pacheco, Prasanna Jayakar, Glenn Morrison, John Ragheb, and Nolan R. Altman

1.24.7.2 Seizure Disorders: Functional MR Imaging for Diagnostic Evaluation and Surgical Treatment—Prospective Study Radiology July 2005 236:247-253;

1.24.7.3.1 ‘ The evaluation of seizures is a common indication for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and accounts for 1% of all MR imaging studies performed. While computed tomography (CT) can be used in the detection of some lesions, MR imaging is clearly the more sensitive imaging technique, particularly in the detection of early disease.’

1.24.7.4 U C Wieshmann Clinical application of neuroimaging in epilepsy J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry April 1, 2003 74:466-47

1.25.1 Acoustic neuroma

1.25.2 Hydrocephalus

1.26.1 Altered level of consciousness, cognitive ability or personality

1.26.2.1 Horner’s syndrome, miosis and ptosis (contraction of the iris, drooping eyelid)

1.26.2.2 Minor neck trauma (includes chiropractic manipulation)

1.26.2.3 Neck pain

1.26.2.4 Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA)

1.26.2.5 Unilateral facial or orbital pain

1.26.2.6 Unilateral headaches

1.26.2.7.1 Stewart Lloyd Carotid artery dissection following minimal postural trauma in a firefighter Occup Med (Lond) 54: 430-431.

1.26.2.7.2 B Thanvi, S K Munshi, S L Dawson, T G Robinson Carotid and vertebral artery dissection syndromes Postgrad Med J 2005;81:383-388

1.26.2.7.3 Ernst, E Adverse effects of spinal manipulation: a systematic review J R Soc Med 2007 100: 330-338

1.26.2.7.4 D J M Macdonald, E C A McKillop Carotid artery dissection after treadmill running Br J Sports Med 2006

1.26.3 Central Venous Thrombosis

1.26.4 Change of established headache pattern

1.26.5 Elevated WBC

1.26.6 Exercise or exertion lead to headache

1.26.7 Fever

1.26.8 Horner’s Syndrome

1.26.9 Hydrocephalus, Suspected obstructive

1.26.10 Immunosuppressed

1.26.11 Infection elsewhere in body

1.26.12 New headaches in persons below age 5 or over 50

1.26.13.1 Neck

1.26.13.2 Shoulder

1.26.14 Papilledema

1.26.15 Sudden onset after recent trauma, straining or manipulation

1.26.16 Sudden onset of “worst headache”

1.26.17 Suspected Pseudotumor Cerebri

1.26.18 Suspected subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)

1.26.19 Syncope

1.26.20 Thunderclap (sudden onset and severe)

1.26.21 Trauma, recent history of

1.26.22 Valsalva or straining worsens headache

1.26.23 Vertigo

1.26.24 Vomiting

1.26.25 Wakens from sleep

1.26.26.1 Evidence Based Guidelines in the Primary Care Setting: Neuroimaging in Patients with Nonacute Headache, p14, accessed at www.aan.com/professionals/practice/pdfs/gl0088.pdf 6/24/07

1.26.26.2 British Association for the Study of Headache Concise Headache Management Guidelines accessed at http://72.14.205.104/search?q=cache:lQ_ULNd6r00J:64.227.208.149/NS_BASH/Concise%2520BASH%2520Guidelines.pdf+concise+headache+management+guidelines&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us&client=firefox-a accessed 7/3/07

1.26.26.3 D W Dodick Thunderclap headache J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, Jan 2002; 72: 6.

1.26.26.4 Adams and Victor’s Principles of Neurology, 8th Edition Allan H. Ropper, Robert H. Brown Eds. p157

1.26.26.5 Yoshito T, and Endo K, MR imaging in the evaluation of chronic or recurrent headache, Radiology, 2005; 235:575-579.

1.26.26.6 Beithon F, Detlie E, Hult C, et al, Health care guideline: diagnosis and treatment of headache, Eighth edition, January 2007, Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement http://www.icsi.org/headache/headache__diagnosis_and_treatment_of_2609.html accessed July 10, 2007.

1.26.26.7 Frishberg BM, Rosenberg JH, Matchar DB, et al, Evidence-based guidelines in the primary care setting: neuroimaging in patients with nonacute headache, accessed at http://www.aan.com/professionals/practice/pdfs/gl0088.pdf September 20, 2007.

1.26.26.8 Strain JD, Cohen HL, Fordham L, et al, Expert panel on neurologic imaging, ACR Appropriateness Criteria, Headache- Child accessed at http://www.acr.org/SecondaryMainMenuCategories/quality_safety/app_criteria/pdf/ExpertPanelonPediatricimaging/headacheChildDoc3.aspx

1.26.26.9 Jordan, JE, Seidenwurm DJ, Davis PC, et al, Expert panel on neurologic imaging, ACR Appropriateness Criteria, Headache accessed at http://www.acr.org/SecondaryMainMenuCategories/quality_safety/app_criteria/pdf/ExpertPanelonNeurologicimaging/headacheDoc6.aspx

1.26.26.10 Sandrin G, Friberg L, Janig W, et al, Neurophysiological tests and neuroimaging procedures in non-acute headache: guidelines and recommendations, Eur J Neurology,2004; 11:217-224.

1.27 Hearing loss, unilateral

1.28 Hemiparesis

1.29.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA

1.30 Lethargy or Coma.

1.31 Lightheadedness See Dizziness

1.32.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA

1.33.1 Central Venous Thrombosis

1.33.2 Hydrocephalus, Suspected obstructive

1.33.3 Suspect Stroke or TIA

1.34.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA

1.35.1 Marcus Gunn pupil Asymmetric pupillary response to light

1.35.2 Ophthalmoplegia paralysis of some or all of the muscles of the eye

1.35.3 Pain with movement of the eye

1.35.4 Scotoma

Balcer, LJ. Clinical practice. Optic neuritis. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1273.

Riordan-Eva P. Chapter 7. Disorders of the Eyes & Lids. In: McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, Rabow MW, eds. CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2012. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012. http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2002. Accessed November 25, 2012.

Hickman SJ, Toosy AT, Miszkiel KA, Jones SJ, Altmann DR, MacManus DG, Plant GT, Thompson AJ, Miller DH Visual recovery following acute optic neuritis–a clinical, electrophysiological and magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurol. 2004;251(8):996. Rizzo JF 3rd, Andreoli CM, Rabinov JD Use of magnetic resonance imaging to differentiate optic neuritis and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(9):1679. Kupersmith MJ, Alban T, Zeiffer B, Lefton D Contrast-enhanced MRI in acute optic neuritis: relationship to visual performance. Brain. 2002;125(Pt 4):812. G. R. Bonhomme, A. T. Waldman, L. J. Balcer, A. B. Daniels, G. I. Tennekoon, S. Forman, S. L. Galetta, and G. T. Liu Pediatric optic neuritis: Brain MRI abnormalities and risk of multiple sclerosis Neurology, Mar 2009; 72: 881 – 885.

1.36.1 Optic neuritis or MS suspected

1.37.1 MS suspected

1.38.1 Suspected tumor affecting Cranial Nerve

1.39 Recurrence of symptoms after antibiotic therapy

1.40.1.1 Thomas Dhanes, Graham Elizabeth M, “Chapter 15. Ocular Disorders Associated with Systemic Diseases” (Chapter). Riordan-Eva P, Whitcher JP: Vaughan & Asbury’s General Ophthalmology, 17th Edition: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=3092055.

1.40.1.2 R C J M Donders Clinical features of transient monocular blindness and the likelihood of atherosclerotic lesions of the internal carotid artery J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, Aug 2001; 71: 247 – 249.

1.40.1.3 J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry E L L M De Schryver, A Algra, R C J M Donders, J van Gijn, and L J Kappelle Type of stroke after transient monocular blindness or retinal infarction of presumed arterial origin J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, June 1, 2006; 77(6): 734 – 738.

1.41.1 Altered pattern

1.41.2 Central Venous Thrombosis

1.41.3 Infection (fever, elevated white count, immunosuppressed)

1.41.4 New onset

1.41.5 Prior to Surgical intervention

1.41.6 Trauma

1.41.7.1 L. Santiago Medina, Byron Bernal, Catalina Dunoyer, Luisa Cervantes, Marelis Rodriguez, Esperanza Pacheco, Prasanna Jayakar, Glenn Morrison, John Ragheb, and Nolan R. Altman

1.41.7.2 Seizure Disorders: Functional MR Imaging for Diagnostic Evaluation and Surgical Treatment—Prospective Study Radiology July 2005 236:247-253;

1.41.7.3.1 ‘ The evaluation of seizures is a common indication for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and accounts for 1% of all MR imaging studies performed. While computed tomography (CT) can be used in the detection of some lesions, MR imaging is clearly the more sensitive imaging technique, particularly in the detection of early disease.’

1.41.7.4 U C Wieshmann Clinical application of neuroimaging in epilepsy J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry April 1, 2003 74:466-47

1.41.7.5 ACR Appropriateness Criteria http://www.acr.org/SecondaryMainMenuCategories/quality_safety/app_criteria/pdf/ExpertPanelonNeurologicImaging/EpilepsyDoc3.aspx accessed 11/16/10

1.42.1 MS suspected

1.43.1 Headache

1.44.1 Headache

1.45.1.1 Suggest MRI with gadolinium

1.45.2.1 Suggest CTA or MRA of the brain, can approve contrast enhanced CT or MRI

Henry, J. A., et. al., General Review of Tinnitus: Prevalence, Mechanisms, Effects, and Management. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research v. 48 no. October 2005) p. 1204-35

Jane L. Weissman and Barry E. Hirsch Imaging of Tinnitus: A Review Radiology August 2000 216:2 342-349

Lockwood, Alan H., Salvi, Richard J., Burkard, Robert F. Tinnitus N Engl J Med 2002 347: 904-910

1.46 Transient visual obscurations,

1.47.1 Recent trauma

1.47.2.1 Ataxia (unsteady and clumsy motion of the limbs or trunk)

1.47.2.2.1 Memory loss

1.47.2.2.2 Confusion

1.47.2.2.3 Disorientation or

1.47.2.2.4 Behavioral changes

1.47.2.3 Decreased sensation on one side

1.47.2.4 Difficulty Speaking

1.47.2.5 Dysphagia

1.47.2.6.1 Amaurosis fugax

1.47.2.6.2 Visual field loss

1.47.2.6.3 Diplopia

1.47.2.7 Syncope

1.47.2.8 Vertigo

1.47.2.9 weakness on one side

1.47.2.10.1 Wintermark, Max, et al Acute Stroke Imaging Research Roadmap Stroke 39: 1621-1628;

1.47.2.10.2 American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention, Stroke Council, and the Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease Recommendations for Imaging of Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Stroke 40: 3646-3678;

1.48 Urinary incontinence

1.49.1.1 Altered mental state

1.49.1.2 Cranial neuropathies

1.49.1.3 Diabetes mellitus, by history

1.49.1.4 Hearing Loss

1.49.1.5 Loss of vision

1.49.1.6 Nausea or Vomiting

1.49.1.7 Nystagmus

1.49.1.8 Stroke, prior history of

1.49.1.9 Tinnitus

1.49.1.10 Weakness or paralysis

Kevin Barraclough, Adolfo Bronstein Vertigo BMJ 2009;339:b3493, doi: 10.1136/bmj.b3493 (Published 22 September 2009) http://www.bmj.com/content/vol339/issuesep22_1/images/large/bark673889.f1_default.jpeg David E. Newman-Toker, et al; Spectrum of Dizziness Visits to US Emergency Departments: Cross-Sectional Analysis From a Nationally Representative Sample; Mayo Clin Proc. July 2008 83(7):765-775; doi:10.4065/83.7.765

C S K Cheung, P S K Mak, K V Manley, J M Y Lam, A Y L Tsang, H M S Chan, T H Rainer, C A Graham Predictors of important neurological causes of dizziness among patients presenting to the emergency department Emerg Med J 2010;27:517-521 doi:10.1136/emj.2009.078014 Ropper AH, Brown RH, “Chapter 15. Deafness, Dizziness, and Disorders of Equilibrium” (Chapter). Ropper AH, Brown RH: Adams and Victor’s Principles of Neurology, 8th Edition Daroff Robert B, “Chapter 22. Dizziness and Vertigo” (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th Edition: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2886671

Jeffrey P. Staab; Michael J. Ruckenstein Expanding the Differential Diagnosis of Chronic Dizziness Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;133(2):170-176.

Irwin Nazareth , Lucy Yardley , Natalie Owen , and Linda Luxon Outcome of symptoms of dizziness in a general practice community sample Fam. Pract. 16: 616-618.

M Wasay, N Dubey, and R Bakshi Emerg Dizziness and yield of emergency head CT scan: Is it cost effective? Med J. 2005 April; 22(4): 312. doi: 10.1136/emj.2003.012765. PMCID: PMC1726733

Ramos, R Antidepressants and Dizziness Journal of Psychopharmacology 20:5 (sept 2003) p 708

1.50.1 Optic neuritis (see entry above)

1.50.2 Suspect Stroke or TIA

1.51.1 Central Venous Thrombosis

1.51.2 Infection (fever, elevated white count, immunosuppressed)

1.51.3 Trauma

1.52 Weakness

2.1.1 Altered sense of taste

2.1.2 Facial weakness or numbness

2.1.3 Gait Disturbance

2.1.4 Hearing loss, unilateral

2.1.5 Tinnitus

2.1.6.1 Johnson Jacob, Lalwani Anil K, “Chapter 61. Vestibular Schwannoma (Acoustic Neuroma)” (Chapter). Lalwani AK: CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment in Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, 2nd Edition: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2831739.

2.2.1 Headache

2.2.2.1 Elevated WBC

2.2.2.2 Fever

2.2.3 Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

2.2.4 Stroke

2.2.5 Suspected Pseudotumor Cerebri

2.2.6 Trauma, recent history of

2.2.7 Vasculitis

2.2.8.1 Practice parameter: the utility of neuroimaging in the evaluation of headache in patients with normal neurological examinations (summary statement). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 1994; 44:1353-1354.

2.2.8.2 F. K. Alehan; Value of Neuroimaging in the Evaluation of Neurologically Normal Children With Recurrent Headache; J Child Neurol, January 1, 2002; 17(11): 807 – 809.

2.2.8.3 Maytal, Joseph, Bienkowski, Robert S., Patel, Mahendra, Eviatar, Lydia; The Value of Brain Imaging in Children With Headaches; Pediatrics 1995 96: 413-416

2.2.8.4 Yoshito Tsushima, and Keigo Endo; MR Imaging in the Evaluation of Chronic or Recurrent Headache; Radiology 2005 235: 575-579

2.2.8.5 Dodick, David W.; Chronic Daily Headache;N Engl J Med 2006 354: 158-165

2.2.8.6 Michael E. Detsky, BSc; Devon R. McDonald, BSc; Mark O. Baerlocher, MD; George A. Tomlinson, PhD; Douglas C. McCrory, MD, MHSc; Christopher M. Booth, MD, FRCPC; Does This Patient With Headache Have a Migraine or Need Neuroimaging?; JAMA. 2006;296:1274-1283.

2.2.8.7 Zahid H Bajwa, MD, R Joshua Wootton, MDiv, PhD; Evaluation of headache in adults; UpToDate Online 15.2 accessed 7/18/07

2.2.8.8 Malm, Jan, Eklund, Anders Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus PRACTICAL NEUROLOGY 2006 6: 14-27

2.2.8.9 Marvin A Fishman, MD Hydrocephalus UpToDate 15.2 accessed 7/18/07

2.2.8.10 TE Gammal, MB Allen, Jr, BS Brooks, and EK Mark MR evaluation of hydrocephalus Am. J. Roentgenol., Oct 1987; 149: 807 – 813.

2.2.8.11 C. M. Fisher Hydrocephalus as a cause of disturbances of gait in the elderly Neurology, Dec 1982; 32: 1358.

2.3.1 Down Beating nystagmus

2.3.2 Follow up known Chiari

2.3.3 Headache

2.3.4 Incontinence

2.3.5 Lumbar myelomeningocele

2.3.6 Neck or back pain

2.3.7 Progressive cerebellar ataxia

2.3.8 Sensory loss

2.3.9 Spasticity

2.3.10 Syncope

2.3.11 Tethered cord

2.3.12.1 Greenlee JDW, Donovan KA, Hasan DM, et al, Chiari I malformation in the very young child: the spectrum of presentations and experience in 31 children under age 6 years, Pediatrics, 2002; 110:1212-1219.

2.3.12.2 Wu YW, Chin CT, Chan KM, et al, Pediatric Chiari I malformations Do clinical and radiologic features correlate? Neurology, 1999;

2.3.12.3 Bridgette Arnett Arnold-Chiari Malformation Arch Neurol. 2003;60(6):898-900.

2.3.12.4 Masson C, Colombani JM Chiari type 1 malformation and magnetic resonance imaging PRESSE MEDICALE Volume: 34 Issue: 21 Pages: 1662-1667 DEC 3 2005

2.4.1 MRA or CTA preferred. If ordered without MRA or CTA send for physician review

2.4.2.1 Kaufmann, Timothy J., Kallmes, David F. Diagnostic Cerebral Angiography: Archaic and Complication-Prone or Here to Stay for Another 80 Years? Am. J. Roentgenol. 2008 190: 1435-1437

2.4.2.2 Philip M. White, Evelyn M. Teasdale, Joanna M. Wardlaw, and Valerie Easton Intracranial Aneurysms: CT Angiography and MR Angiography for Detection—Prospective Blinded Comparison in a Large Patient Cohort Radiology June 2001 219:739-749

2.4.2.3 Mika Okahara, Hiro Kiyosue, Masanori Yamashita, Hirohumi Nagatomi, Hiroyuki Hata, Toshiyuki Saginoya, Yoshiko Sagara, and Hiromu Mori Diagnostic Accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Angiography for Cerebral Aneurysms in Correlation With 3D–Digital Subtraction Angiographic Images: A Study of 133 Aneurysms Stroke 33: 1803-1808,

2.5.1 Interval reassessment

2.6 Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis See Cerebral Venous Thrombosis

2.7.1.1 Calvarial mass

2.7.1.2 Decreased vision

2.7.1.3 Exophthalmous

2.7.1.4 Focal neurologic deficits

2.7.1.5 Focal or generalized seizures,

2.7.1.6 Headache

2.7.1.7 Hemiparesis or paraparesis.

2.7.1.8 Lethargy or Coma.

2.7.1.9 Mental status changes

2.7.1.10 Papilledema

2.7.1.11 Seizure

2.7.1.12 Transient visual deficits

2.7.1.13 Vomiting

2.7.2.1 Cancer

2.7.2.2 Contraceptive medications

2.7.2.3 Dehydration

2.7.2.4 Erythropoetin Use

2.7.2.5 Hypercoagulable state

2.7.2.6 Marasmus

2.7.2.7 Meningitis

2.7.2.8 Post operative status

2.7.2.9 Post Partum

2.7.2.10 Sinusitis or middle ear infections

2.7.2.11 Skull fracture over dural sinus

2.7.2.12 Tamoxifen Use

2.7.3.1 Poon, Colin S., Chang, Ja-Kwei, Swarnkar, Amar, Johnson, Michele H., Wasenko, John Radiologic Diagnosis of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis: Pictorial Review Am. J. Roentgenol. 2007 189: S64-75

2.7.3.2 Greenberg Robert D, Castleberry Jerry, “Chapter 29. Eye Emergencies” (Chapter). Stone CK, Humphries RL: CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Emergency Medicine, 6th Edition: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=3104572.

2.7.3.3 Ropper AH, Brown RH, “Chapter 34. Cerebrovascular Diseases” (Chapter). Ropper AH, Brown RH: Adams and Victor’s Principles of Neurology, 8th Edition: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=973845.

2.8.1 Agnosia

2.8.2 Aphasia

2.8.3 Apraxia

2.8.4 Confusion

2.8.5 Disorientation

2.8.6 Fluctuating cognition

2.8.7 Memory loss

2.8.8 Mini Mental State score of 24 or less on two occasions

2.8.9 Recurrent visual hallucinations

2.8.10 Spontaneous motor features of Parkinsonism

2.8.11 Trauma, recent history of

2.8.12.1 Knopman DS; DeKosky ST; Cummings JL; Chui H; Corey-Bloom J; Relkin N; Small GW; Miller B; Stevens JC Practice parameter: diagnosis of dementia (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2001 May 8;56(9):1143-53.

2.9.1.1 Ataxia

2.9.1.2 Diplopia

2.9.1.3 Gait disturbance

2.9.1.4 Headache

2.9.1.5 Mental status changes

2.9.1.6 Papilledema

2.9.1.7 References:

2.9.2.1 Gait disturbance

2.9.2.2 Tremors

2.9.2.3 Urinary incontinence, urgency, or frequency

2.9.2.4 Dementia

2.9.2.5 Known NPH with worsening symptoms

2.9.3 Suspicion of VP (ventriculoperitoneal) shunt malfunction

2.9.4.1 Age 0-5 yrs annually

2.9.4.2 Age 5 or older every 2 years

2.9.7.1 Adams and Victor’s Neurology Adams and Victor’s Principles of Neurology, 8th Edition Allan H. Ropper, Robert H. BrownChapter 30. Disturbances of Cerebrospinal Fluid and Its Circulation, Including Hydrocephalus, Pseudotumor Cerebri, and Low-Pressure Syndromes

2.10.1 Fever, elevated WBC (leukocytosis), known infectious elsewhere, or immunosuppressed AND

2.10.2.1 headache

2.10.2.2 drowsiness

2.10.2.3 confusion

2.10.2.4 disorientation

2.10.2.5 apraxia

2.10.2.6 aphasia

2.10.2.7 vomiting

2.10.2.8 seisures

2.10.2.9 neck stiffness or pain

2.10.2.10 photophobia

2.11.1 Altered level of consciousness, cognitive ability or personality

2.11.2 Ataxia

2.11.3 Diplopia

2.11.4 Lhermitte’s sign

2.11.5 Ophthalmoplegia

2.11.6 Optic neuritis

2.11.7 Pain with movement of the eye

2.11.8 Parestesias

2.11.9 Scotoma

2.11.10 Spasticity

2.11.11 Uhthoff’s phenomenon

2.11.12 Visual disturbances,

2.11.13 Weakness

2.11.14.1 Nueurology in Clinical Practice 3d Ed. Bradley et al Eds. Butterworth Heinman Pub, pp 1638-1642

2.11.14.2 Kremenchutzky, M, Lee, D, Rice, G P A, Ebers, G C Diagnostic brain MRI findings in primary progressive multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis 2000 6: 81-85

2.11.14.3 Harrison’s Internal Medicine > Part 15. Neurologic Disorders Chapter 359. Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Diseases Stephen L. Hauser, Douglas S. Goodin

2.11.14.4 Poser, CM, Paty, DW, Scheinberg, L, et al. New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines for research protocols. Ann Neurol 1983; 13:227.

2.11.14.5 Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in adults Michael J Olek, DO in UpToDate 17.1

2.11.14.6 Polman, CH, Reingold, SC, Edan, G, et al. Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2005 revisions to the “McDonald Criteria”. Ann Neurol 2005; 58:840.

2.12.1 Marcus Gunn pupil Asymmetric pupillary response to light

2.12.2 Ophthalmoplegia paralysis of some or all of the muscles of the eye

2.12.3 Pain with movement of the eye

2.12.4 Scotoma

Balcer, LJ. Clinical practice. Optic neuritis. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1273. Riordan-Eva P. Chapter 7. Disorders of the Eyes & Lids. In: McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, Rabow MW, eds. CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2012. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012. http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2002. Accessed November 25, 2012. Hickman SJ, Toosy AT, Miszkiel KA, Jones SJ, Altmann DR, MacManus DG, Plant GT, Thompson AJ, Miller DH Visual recovery following acute optic neuritis–a clinical, electrophysiological and magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurol. 2004;251(8):996. Rizzo JF 3rd, Andreoli CM, Rabinov JD Use of magnetic resonance imaging to differentiate optic neuritis and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(9):1679.

Kupersmith MJ, Alban T, Zeiffer B, Lefton D Contrast-enhanced MRI in acute optic neuritis: relationship to visual performance. Brain. 2002;125(Pt 4):812.

R. Bonhomme, A. T. Waldman, L. J. Balcer, A. B. Daniels, G. I. Tennekoon, S. Forman, S. L. Galetta, and G. T. Liu Pediatric optic neuritis: Brain MRI abnormalities and risk of multiple sclerosis Neurology, Mar 2009; 72: 881 – 885.

2.13.1 Generally ordered to rule our other causes of tremor

2.13.2 Advanced MRI techniques may be approved if conventional imaging leaves doubt.

2.13.3 Prior to Deep Brain stimulation

2.13.4.1 MRI directed bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in patients with Parkinson’s disease N K Patel, P Plaha, K O’Sullivan, R McCarter, P Heywood, S S Gill J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74:1631-1637

2.13.4.2 Patrice Péran, et al Magnetic resonance imaging markers of Parkinson’s disease nigrostriatal signature Brain (2010) 133(11): 3423-3433

2.14.1.1 Male: 1–10 mIU/mL

2.14.1.2.1 Follicular 4–13

2.14.1.2.2 Luteal 2–13

2.14.1.2.3 Midcycle 5–22

2.14.1.2.4 Postmenopausal 20–138 (laboratory-specific)

2.14.2.1 0–5 ng/mL [mcg/L]

2.14.3.1 Male: 1–10 mIU/mL

2.14.3.2.1 Follicular 1–18

2.14.3.2.2 Luteal 0.4–20

2.14.3.2.3 Midcycle peak 24–105

2.14.3.2.4 Postmenopausal 15–62 (laboratory-specific)

2.14.4.1 >20 ng/mL [mcg/L]

2.14.5.1 0.4–6 mcU/mL [mU/L]

2.14.6.1 Nicoll Diana, McPhee Stephen J, Pignone Michael, Lu Chuanyi Mark, Pocket Guide to Diagnostic Tests, 5e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/pocketDiagnostic.aspx.

2.14.6.2 Harrison’s Online the complete contents of Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th Edition Dennis L. Kasper, Eugene Braunwald, Anthony S. Fauci, Stephen L. Hauser, Dan L. Longo, J. Larry Jameson, and Kurt J. Isselbacher, Eds. Chapter 318. Disorders of the Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus Shlomo Melmed, J. Larry Jameson

2.15.1 Acute headache with vomiting

2.15.2 Bitemporal hemianopsia

2.15.3 Depressed level of consciousness

2.15.4.1 Frederick Shane, Danzl Daniel F, “Chapter 41. Metabolic & Endocrine Emergencies” (Chapter). Stone CK, Humphries RL: CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Emergency Medicine, 6th Edition: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=3112282.Nawar,

2.15.4.2 Rita N., AbdelMannan, Dima, Selman, Warren R., Arafah, Baha M. Analytic Review: Pituitary Tumor Apoplexy: A Review J Intensive Care Med 2008 23: 75-90

2.15.4.3 Robert L. Reid; Malachi E. Quigley; Samuel S. C. Yen Pituitary Apoplexy: A Review Arch Neurol. 1985;42(7):712-719.

2.16.1 Abducens palsy (inability to deviate the eye laterally)

2.16.2 Altered level of consciousness, cognitive ability or personality

2.16.3 Diplopia

2.16.4 Enlargement of the blind spots

2.16.5 Headache, worse on straining

2.16.6 Papilledema

2.16.7 Visual disturbance

2.16.8.1 Michael J. Aminoff, DSc, MD, FRCP Chapter 24. Nervous System Disorders Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2009, Forty-Eighth Edition Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies > Chapter 24. Nervous System Disorders

2.16.8.2 Thapa, Rajoo, Mukherjee, Swapan Transient Bilateral Oculomotor Palsy in Pseudotumor Cerebri J Child Neurol 2008 23: 580-581

2.17.1 Ataxia (unsteady and clumsy motion of the limbs or trunk)

2.17.2.1 Memory loss

2.17.2.2 Confusion

2.17.2.3 Disorientation or

2.17.2.4 Behavioral changes

2.17.3 Decreased sensation on one side

2.17.4 Difficulty Speaking

2.17.5 Dysphagia

2.17.6.1 Amaurosis fugax

2.17.6.2 Visual field loss

2.17.6.3 Diplopia

2.17.7 Syncope

2.17.8 Vertigo

2.17.9 weakness on one side

2.17.10.1 Wintermark, Max, et al Acute Stroke Imaging Research Roadmap Stroke 39: 1621-1628;

2.17.10.2 American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention, Stroke Council, and the Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease Recommendations for Imaging of Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Stroke 40: 3646-3678;

2.18 Tic Doloreux See Trigeminal Neuralgia

2.19.1 Recurrent severe pain involving the face.

2.19.1.1 Trigeminal reflex tests abnormal or not feasible

2.19.1.2 Failure to respond to medical therapy (e.g. carbamazepine or another anticonvulsant)

2.19.1.3.1 G. Gronseth, G. Cruccu, J. Alksne, C. Argoff, M. Brainin, K. Burchiel, T. Nurmikko, and J. M. Zakrzewska, MD, FDSRCS, FFDRCSI Practice Parameter: The diagnostic evaluation and treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (an evidence-based review): Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the European Federation of Neurological Societies Neurology October 7, 2008 71:1183-1190; published ahead of print August 20, 2008,

2.19.1.3.2 A. Pichiecchio, Bilateral trigeminal enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging in a patient with multiple sclerosis and trigeminal neuralgia Mult Scler July 2007 13: 814-816

2.19.1.3.3 Mills, R J, Young, C A, Smith, E T Central trigeminal involvement in multiple sclerosis using high-resolution MRI at 3 T Br J Radiol 2010 83: 493-498 NOTE: This study found no correlation between MRI findings and symptomatorlogy.

2.19.1.3.4 Roshan Koul, Amna Alfutaisi, Rajeev Jain, and Faisal Alzri Trigeminal Neuralgia Due to Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Loop: A Case Report J Child Neurol August 2009 24: 989-990

2.19.1.3.5 Cruccu G, Biasiotta A, Galeotti F, Iannetti GD, Truini A, Gronseth G. Diagnostic accuracy of trigeminal reflex testing in trigeminal neuralgia. Neurology. 2006 Jan 10;66(1):139-41.

2.19.1.3.6 Goh BT, Poon CY, Peck RH. The importance of routine magnetic resonance imaging in trigeminal neuralgia diagnosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001;92:424–429.

2.20 Dandy Walker cyst

2.21 Encephalocele

2.22.1 Head circumference less than 2 standard deviations below average for age

2.23.1 Head circumference greater than 2 standard deviations above average for age

2.24 Developmental delay

2.25.1 Send to physician review

2.26.1.1 Amnesia

2.26.1.2.Altered level of consciousness

2.26.1.3.Vomiting

2.26.1.4 Seizure

2.26.1.5 Coagulopathy or current treatment with heparin or Coumadin

2.26.1.6 Skull fracture

2.26.1.7 Ataxia

2.26.1.8 Aphasia

2.26.1.9 Decreased sensation in a limb

2.26.1.10 Visual field loss

2.26.1.11 Double vision

2.26.1.12 Memory loss

2.26.2.1. Vomiting

2.26.2.2 Sudden severe hypertension

2.26.2.3. Decreased level of consciousness

2.26.2.4 Thunderclap headache

2.26.2.5. Worst headache of life

2.26.2.6 Known aneurysm

2.26.2.7 Treated aneurysm and/or AVM with new headache or neurologic findings

2.26.2.8 Stiff neck

2.26.2.9 Seizures

2.26.2.10 Third nerve palsy

2.26.3.1 Hypertension with new onset headache

2.26.3.2 Known brain tumor with new neurologic findings

2.26.3.4 New onset of neurologic symptoms

2.27.1 Motor weakness affecting a limb, face, or body

2.27.2 Decreased sensation affecting a limb, face or body

2.27.3 Ataxia

2.27.4 Confusion, memory loss, or disorientation

2.27.5 Visual disturbance

2.27.6 Aphasia

2.27.7 Dysarthria

2.27.8 Dysphagia

2.27.9. Vertigo with headache or nystagmus

2.27.10 Numbness, tingling, paresthesias

2.27.11 Papilledema

2.27.12 Stiff neck

2.27.13 New onset of severe headache

2.27.14 Drowsiness

2.27.15 Vomiting

2.27.16 Nystagmus

2.27.17 Cranial nerve palsy

2.27.18 Gait disturbance

2.27.19 Personality or behavioral changes

2.27.20 New seizures

2.27.21 Hearing loss or tinnitus

2.27.22 Sudden falls

2.28.1 Anosmia

2.28.2 Weakness of muscles of mastication

2.28.3 Sensory loss in the head and neck

2.28.4 Weakness or paralysis of facial expression

2.28.5 Weakness of the palate

2.28.6 Vocal cord paralysis

2.28.7 Weakness of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

2.28.8 Weakness or paralysis of the trapezius

2.28.9 Weakness or paralysis of the tongue

2.29.1 First-degree relative with neurofibromatosis 1 or 2

2.29.2 Scoliosis

2.29.3 Seizure disorder

2.29.4 Peripheral neurofibromas

2.29.5 Hearing loss

2.29.6.Brain tumor suspected

2.29.7 Spinal cord tumor

2.29.8 Lisch nodules in the iris of the eye

2.29.9 Bone dysplasia

2.29.10 Headache

3.1.1.1 Current Consult: Medicine, 2006 by Maxine A. Papadakis, Stephen J. McPhee Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

3.1.1.2 Friedman DI: Pseudotumor cerebri. Neurol Clin 2004;22:99

3.1.1.3 Adams and Victor’s Principles of Neurology,8th Edition Allan H. Ropper, Robert H. Brown Eds. Copyright © 2005,> Chapter 10. Headache and Other Craniofacial Pains > Principal Varieties of Headache

3.1.1.4 Simon, J.E., Morgan, S.C., Pexman, J.H.W., Hill, M.D., Buchan, A.M. CT assessment of conjugate eye deviation in acute stroke Neurology 2003 60: 135-137

3.1.1.5 Hauser Stephen L, Goodin Douglas S, “Chapter 375. Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Diseases” (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th Edition: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2906445.

3.2.1 Central Venous Thrombosis

3.3.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA 3.3.2 Trauma

3.4.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA

3.5.1 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH suspected)

3.6.1 Hydocephalus

3.6.2 Multiple Sclerosis

3.6.3 Suspect Stroke or TIA

3.7 Bitemporal hemianopsia

3.8 Change in clinical status after stroke

3.9.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA

3.10.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA

3.11 Enlargement of the blind spots

3.12.1 Fever

3.12.2 Trauma

3.12.3 Suspect Stroke or TIA

3.13.1 Central Venous Thrombosis

3.13.2 Hydrocephalus, Suspected obstructive

3.13.3 Suspect Stroke or TIA

3.14.1 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH), Suspected

3.15.1.1 Acute headache with vomiting

3.15.1.2 Bitemporal hemianopsia

3.15.1.3 Depressed level of consciousness

3.15.1.4.1 Frederick Shane, Danzl Daniel F, “Chapter 41. Metabolic & Endocrine Emergencies” (Chapter). Stone CK, Humphries RL: CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Emergency Medicine, 6th Edition: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=3112282.Nawar, 3.15.1.4.2 Rita N., AbdelMannan, Dima, Selman, Warren R., Arafah, Baha M. Analytic Review: Pituitary Tumor Apoplexy: A Review J Intensive Care Med 2008 23: 75-90 3.15.1.4.3 Robert L. Reid; Malachi E. Quigley; Samuel S. C. Yen Pituitary Apoplexy: A Review Arch Neurol. 1985;42(7):712-719.

3.15.2 Suspected Multiple Sclerosis

3.15.3.1 Simon, J.E., Morgan, S.C., Pexman, J.H.W., Hill, M.D., Buchan, A.M. CT assessment of conjugate eye deviation in acute stroke Neurology 2003 60: 135-137

3.15.3.2 Hauser Stephen L, Goodin Douglas S, “Chapter 375. Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Diseases” (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th Edition: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2906445.

3.16 Papilledema

3.17.1 Suspected tumor affecting Cranial Nerve

3.18 Visual field loss

4.1 Follicular Stimulating Hormone (FSH), abnormal level

4.2 Growth Hormone (GH), abnormal level

4.3 Luteinizing Hormone (LH), abnormal level

4.4 Prolactin (PRL), abnormal level

4.5 Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), abnormal level

5.1.1 Imaging required while on treatment (monoclonal antibody therapy)

5.2.1.1 Cranial nerve palsy

5.2.1.2 Headache

5.2.1.3. Seizure

5.2.1.4 Sensory deficit

5.2.1.5. Pituitary dysfunction

5.2.1.6. Vision loss

5.2.1.7 Cognitive changes

5.2.1.8 Psychiatric symptoms

5.3 HIV infection

5.4.1.1 Between 3 and 32 days following the tick bite, which the patient may not notice, a gradually expanding area of redness with clearing (erythema migrans) occurs at the bite site. The involved skin is warm but not particularly tender to touch. About half of affected patients will develop smaller lesions of similar morphology at areas remote from the bite site over ensuing days to weeks. In stage-1 disease (erythema migrans), often there are fever, chills, malaise, and regional lymphadenopathy. In stage 2 (days to weeks after infection), symptoms related to the multisystemic nature of Lyme borreliosis often appear, such as meningitis, hepatitis, sore throat, dry cough, heart block and other cardiac abnormalities, musculoskeletal pain, and neuropathy. Fatigue and lethargy are prominent and may persist for months after the skin lesions have disappeared. Jaffe Jon, Morris James E, “Chapter 40. Infectious Disease Emergencies” (Chapter). Stone CK, Humphries RL: CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Emergency Medicine, 6th Edition: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=3111204. Accessed 3/18/09

5.4.2.1.1 Characteristic rash

5.4.2.1.2 Erythema Migrans

5.4.2.1.3 Joint pain

5.4.2.2 Fever

5.4.2.3 Positive Lyme titers

5.4.3.1 CSF findings

5.4.3.2 Fever

5.4.3.3 Headache

5.4.3.4 Mental status change

5.4.3.5 Nuchal rigidity

5.4.3.6 Photophobia

5.4.4.1 J. Oksi , H. Kalimo , R. J. Marttila , M. Marjamaki , P. Sonninen , J. Nikoskelainen , and M. K. Viljanen Inflammatory brain changes in Lyme borreliosis: A report on three patients and review of literature Brain 119: 2143-2154.

5.3.4.2 P Oschmann, W Dorndorf, C Hornig, C Schäfer, HJ Stages and syndromes of neuroborreliosis Journal of neurology, Volume 245, Number 5 247-255 May, 1998

5.5.1 Changing clinical condition

5.5.2 Interval reevaluation

5.5.3.1 Zimmerman, RD, Fleming, CA, Saint-Louis, LA, Lee, BC, Manning, JJ, Deck, MD Magnetic resonance imaging of meningiomas AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1985 6: 149-157

5.6 Melanoma, Initial Staging of Disease

5.7.1 Changing clinical condition

5.8.1 Altered clinical picture

5.8.2 Annual follow up

5.8.3 If under treatment 6 month follow ups are permitted

5.8.4.1 Filippi M, Rocca MA, Arnold DL, et al, ESFN guidelines of the use of neuroimaging in the management of multiple sclerosis, Eur J Neuro, 2006; 13:313-325.

5.9 Sarcoma, Initial Staging of Disease

5.10 Small cell lung cancer, Initial Staging of Disease

5.11.1 Amnesia

5.11.2 Altered consciousness

5.11.3 Vomiting

5.11.4 Focal neurologic finding

5.11.5 Headache

5.11.6 Seizure

5.11.7 Coagulopathy

5.11.8.1 Kirsch Thomas D, Lipinski Christopher A, “Chapter 255. Head Injury” (Chapter). Tintinalli JE, Kelen GD, Stapczynski JS, Ma OJ, Cline DM: Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide, 6e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=610258.

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