1.1.1.1 Frederick Shane, Danzl Daniel
F, “Chapter 41. Metabolic & Endocrine Emergencies” (Chapter). Stone CK, Humphries RL:
CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Emergency Medicine, 6th Edition:
1.2.1 Headache
1.2.2.1 Elevated WBC
1.2.2.2 Fever
1.2.3 Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
1.2.4 Stroke
1.2.5 Suspected Pseudotumor Cerebri
1.2.6 Trauma, recent history of
1.2.7 Vasculitis
1.2.8.1 Practice parameter: the
utility of neuroimaging in the evaluation of headache in patients with normal neurological
examinations (summary statement). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the
American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 1994; 44:1353-1354.
1.2.8.2 F. K. Alehan; Value of
Neuroimaging in the Evaluation of Neurologically Normal Children With Recurrent Headache;
J Child Neurol, January 1, 2002; 17(11): 807 – 809.
1.2.8.3 Maytal, Joseph, Bienkowski,
Robert S., Patel, Mahendra, Eviatar, Lydia; The Value of Brain Imaging in Children With
Headaches; Pediatrics 1995 96: 413-416
1.2.8.4 Yoshito Tsushima, and Keigo
Endo; MR Imaging in the Evaluation of Chronic or Recurrent Headache; Radiology 2005 235:
575-579
1.2.8.5 Dodick, David W.; Chronic
Daily Headache;N Engl J Med 2006 354: 158-165
1.2.8.6 Michael E. Detsky, BSc; Devon
R. McDonald, BSc; Mark O. Baerlocher, MD; George A. Tomlinson, PhD; Douglas C. McCrory,
MD, MHSc; Christopher M. Booth, MD, FRCPC; Does This Patient With Headache Have a Migraine
or Need Neuroimaging?; JAMA. 2006;296:1274-1283.
1.2.8.7 Zahid H Bajwa, MD, R Joshua
Wootton, MDiv, PhD; Evaluation of headache in adults; UpToDate Online 15.2 accessed
7/18/07
1.2.8.8 Malm, Jan, Eklund, Anders
Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus PRACTICAL NEUROLOGY 2006 6: 14-27
1.2.8.9 Marvin A Fishman, MD
Hydrocephalus UpToDate 15.2 accessed 7/18/07
1.2.8.10 TE Gammal, MB Allen, Jr, BS
Brooks, and EK Mark MR evaluation of hydrocephalus Am. J. Roentgenol., Oct 1987; 149: 807
– 813.
1.2.8.11 C. M. Fisher Hydrocephalus
as a cause of disturbances of gait in the elderly Neurology, Dec 1982; 32: 1358.
1.3.1 Suspected tumor affecting Cranial
Nerve
1.4.1 Suspected tumor affecting Cranial
Nerve
1.5.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA
1.6.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA
1.6.2 Trauma
1.7.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA
1.8.1 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH
suspected)
1.9.1 Hydocephalus
1.9.2 Multiple Sclerosis
1.9.3 Suspect Stroke or TIA
1.10.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA
1.11 Calvarial mass
1.12.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA
1.13.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA
1.14.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA
1.15.1 Prerequisite: Testing for TSH,
ELectrolytes, and B12 must be completed and nondiagnostic
1.15.2.1 Agnosia
1.15.2.2 Aphasia
1.15.2.3 Apraxia
1.15.2.4 Confusion
1.15.2.5 Disorientation
1.15.2.6 Fluctuating cognition
1.15.2.7 Memory loss
1.15.2.8 Mini Mental State score of
24 or less on two occasions
1.15.2.9 Recurrent visual
hallucinations
1.15.2.10 Spontaneous motor features
of Parkinsonism
1.15.2.11 Trauma, recent history
of
1.15.3.1 Knopman DS; DeKosky ST;
Cummings JL; Chui H; Corey-Bloom J; Relkin N; Small GW; Miller B; Stevens JC Practice
parameter: diagnosis of dementia (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality
Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2001 May
8;56(9):1143-53.
1.16.1 Pseudotumor Cerebri
1.16.2 Suspect Stroke or TIA
1.16.3 Suspected tumor affecting Cranial
Nerve
1.17.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA
1.18.1 NOTE: “The life-time prevalence of
dizziness in general population is estimated from 5.5% to 25-30% in the United States depending on
the criteria adopted (Kroenke and Mangelsdorff, 1989; Colledge et al., 1994; Yardley et al.,
1998b).”
1.18.2.1 Altered mental state
1.18.2.2 Cranial neuropathies
1.18.2.3 Diabetes mellitus, by
history
1.18.2.4 Hearing Loss
1.18.2.5 Loss of vision
1.18.2.6 Nausea or Vomiting
1.18.2.7 Nystagmus
1.18.2.8 Stroke, prior history
of
1.18.2.9 Tinnitus
1.18.2.10 Weakness or
paralysis
1.18.3.1 Kevin Barraclough, Adolfo
Bronstein Vertigo BMJ 2009;339:b3493, doi: 10.1136/bmj.b3493 (Published 22 September 2009)
1.18.3.2 David E. Newman-Toker, et
al; Spectrum of Dizziness Visits to US Emergency Departments: Cross-Sectional Analysis
From a Nationally Representative Sample; Mayo Clin Proc. July 2008 83(7):765-775;
doi:10.4065/83.7.765
1.18.3.3 C S K Cheung, P S K Mak, K V
Manley, J M Y Lam, A Y L Tsang, H M S Chan, T H Rainer, C A Graham Predictors of important
neurological causes of dizziness among patients presenting to the emergency department
Emerg Med J 2010;27:517-521 doi:10.1136/emj.2009.078014
1.18.3.4 Ropper AH, Brown RH,
“Chapter 15. Deafness, Dizziness, and Disorders of Equilibrium” (Chapter). Ropper AH,
Brown RH: Adams and Victor’s Principles of Neurology, 8th Edition
1.18.3.5 Daroff Robert B, “Chapter
22. Dizziness and Vertigo” (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo
DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th Edition:
1.18.3.6 Jeffrey P. Staab; Michael J.
Ruckenstein Expanding the Differential Diagnosis of Chronic Dizziness Arch Otolaryngol
Head Neck Surg. 2007;133(2):170-176.
1.18.3.7 Irwin Nazareth , Lucy
Yardley , Natalie Owen , and Linda Luxon Outcome of symptoms of dizziness in a general
practice community sample Fam. Pract. 16: 616-618.
1.18.3.8 M Wasay, N Dubey, and R
Bakshi Emerg Dizziness and yield of emergency head CT scan: Is it cost effective? Med J.
2005 April; 22(4): 312. doi: 10.1136/emj.2003.012765. PMCID: PMC1726733
1.18.3.9 Ramos, R Antidepressants and
Dizziness Journal of Psychopharmacology 20:5 (sept 2003) p 708
1.19.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA
1.20 Dysequilibrium See Dizziness
1.21.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA
1.22.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA
1.23.1 Suspected tumor affecting Cranial
Nerve
1.24.1 Altered pattern
1.24.2 Central Venous Thrombosis
1.24.3 Infection (fever, elevated white
count, immunosuppressed)
1.24.4 New onset
1.24.5 Prior to Surgical intervention
1.24.6 Trauma
1.24.7.1 L. Santiago Medina, Byron
Bernal, Catalina Dunoyer, Luisa Cervantes, Marelis Rodriguez, Esperanza Pacheco, Prasanna
Jayakar, Glenn Morrison, John Ragheb, and Nolan R. Altman
1.24.7.2 Seizure Disorders:
Functional MR Imaging for Diagnostic Evaluation and Surgical Treatment—Prospective Study
Radiology July 2005 236:247-253;
1.24.7.3.1 ‘ The evaluation
of seizures is a common indication for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and
accounts for 1% of all MR imaging studies performed. While computed tomography
(CT) can be used in the detection of some lesions, MR imaging is clearly the more
sensitive imaging technique, particularly in the detection of early
disease.’
1.24.7.4 U C Wieshmann Clinical
application of neuroimaging in epilepsy J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry April 1, 2003
74:466-47
1.25.1 Acoustic neuroma
1.25.2 Hydrocephalus
1.26.1 Altered level of consciousness,
cognitive ability or personality
1.26.2.1 Horner’s syndrome, miosis and
ptosis (contraction of the iris, drooping eyelid)
1.26.2.2 Minor neck trauma (includes
chiropractic manipulation)
1.26.2.3 Neck pain
1.26.2.4 Transient Ischemic Attacks
(TIA)
1.26.2.5 Unilateral facial or orbital
pain
1.26.2.6 Unilateral headaches
1.26.2.7.1 Stewart Lloyd
Carotid artery dissection following minimal postural trauma in a firefighter Occup
Med (Lond) 54: 430-431.
1.26.2.7.2 B Thanvi, S K
Munshi, S L Dawson, T G Robinson Carotid and vertebral artery dissection syndromes
Postgrad Med J 2005;81:383-388
1.26.2.7.3 Ernst, E Adverse
effects of spinal manipulation: a systematic review J R Soc Med 2007 100:
330-338
1.26.2.7.4 D J M Macdonald, E C
A McKillop Carotid artery dissection after treadmill running Br J Sports Med
2006
1.26.3 Central Venous Thrombosis
1.26.4 Change of established headache
pattern
1.26.5 Elevated WBC
1.26.6 Exercise or exertion lead to
headache
1.26.7 Fever
1.26.8 Horner’s Syndrome
1.26.9 Hydrocephalus, Suspected
obstructive
1.26.10 Immunosuppressed
1.26.11 Infection elsewhere in body
1.26.12 New headaches in persons below age 5
or over 50
1.26.13.1 Neck
1.26.13.2 Shoulder
1.26.14 Papilledema
1.26.15 Sudden onset after recent trauma,
straining or manipulation
1.26.16 Sudden onset of “worst
headache”
1.26.17 Suspected Pseudotumor Cerebri
1.26.18 Suspected subarachnoid hemorrhage
(SAH)
1.26.19 Syncope
1.26.20 Thunderclap (sudden onset and
severe)
1.26.21 Trauma, recent history of
1.26.22 Valsalva or straining worsens
headache
1.26.23 Vertigo
1.26.24 Vomiting
1.26.25 Wakens from sleep
1.26.26.1 Evidence Based Guidelines in
the Primary Care Setting: Neuroimaging in Patients with Nonacute Headache, p14, accessed at
www.aan.com/professionals/practice/pdfs/gl0088.pdf 6/24/07
1.26.26.2 British Association for the
Study of Headache Concise Headache Management Guidelines
1.26.26.3 D W Dodick Thunderclap
headache J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, Jan 2002; 72: 6.
1.26.26.4 Adams and Victor’s Principles
of Neurology, 8th Edition Allan H. Ropper, Robert H. Brown Eds. p157
1.26.26.5 Yoshito T, and Endo K, MR
imaging in the evaluation of chronic or recurrent headache, Radiology, 2005;
235:575-579.
1.26.26.6 Beithon F, Detlie E, Hult C,
et al, Health care guideline: diagnosis and treatment of headache, Eighth edition, January
2007, Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement
1.26.26.7 Frishberg BM, Rosenberg JH,
Matchar DB, et al, Evidence-based guidelines in the primary care setting: neuroimaging in
patients with nonacute headacheSeptember 20, 2007.
1.26.26.8 Strain JD, Cohen HL, Fordham
L, et al, Expert panel on neurologic imaging, ACR Appropriateness Criteria, Headache- Child
1.26.26.9 Jordan, JE, Seidenwurm DJ,
Davis PC, et al, Expert panel on neurologic imaging, ACR Appropriateness Criteria, Headache
1.26.26.10 Sandrin G, Friberg L, Janig
W, et al, Neurophysiological tests and neuroimaging procedures in non-acute headache:
guidelines and recommendations, Eur J Neurology,2004; 11:217-224.
1.27 Hearing loss, unilateral
1.28 Hemiparesis
1.29.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA
1.30 Lethargy or Coma.
1.31 Lightheadedness See Dizziness
1.32.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA
1.33.1 Central Venous Thrombosis
1.33.2 Hydrocephalus, Suspected
obstructive
1.33.3 Suspect Stroke or TIA
1.34.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA
1.35.1 Marcus Gunn pupil Asymmetric pupillary
response to light
1.35.2 Ophthalmoplegia paralysis of some or
all of the muscles of the eye
1.35.3 Pain with movement of the eye
1.35.4 Scotoma
Balcer, LJ. Clinical
practice. Optic neuritis. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1273.
Riordan-Eva P. Chapter 7.
Disorders of the Eyes & Lids. In: McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, Rabow MW, eds.
CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2012. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012.
Accessed November 25,
2012.
Hickman SJ, Toosy AT, Miszkiel KA,
Jones SJ, Altmann DR, MacManus DG, Plant GT, Thompson AJ, Miller DH Visual
recovery following acute optic neuritis–a clinical, electrophysiological and magnetic
resonance imaging study. J Neurol. 2004;251(8):996. Rizzo JF 3rd, Andreoli CM,
Rabinov JD Use of magnetic resonance imaging to differentiate
optic neuritis and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.
Ophthalmology. 2002;109(9):1679. Kupersmith MJ, Alban T, Zeiffer B, Lefton D
Contrast-enhanced MRI in acute optic neuritis: relationship to visual
performance. Brain. 2002;125(Pt 4):812. G. R. Bonhomme, A. T. Waldman, L. J.
Balcer, A. B. Daniels, G. I. Tennekoon, S. Forman, S. L. Galetta, and G. T. Liu
Pediatric optic neuritis: Brain MRI abnormalities and risk of multiple sclerosis
Neurology, Mar 2009; 72: 881 – 885.
1.36.1 Optic neuritis or MS suspected
1.37.1 MS suspected
1.38.1 Suspected tumor affecting Cranial
Nerve
1.39 Recurrence of symptoms after antibiotic
therapy
1.40.1.1 Thomas Dhanes, Graham
Elizabeth M, “Chapter 15. Ocular Disorders Associated with Systemic Diseases” (Chapter).
Riordan-Eva P, Whitcher JP: Vaughan & Asbury’s General Ophthalmology, 17th Edition:
1.40.1.2 R C J M Donders Clinical
features of transient monocular blindness and the likelihood of atherosclerotic lesions of
the internal carotid artery J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, Aug 2001; 71: 247 – 249.
1.40.1.3 J. Neurol. Neurosurg.
Psychiatry E L L M De Schryver, A Algra, R C J M Donders, J van Gijn, and L J Kappelle
Type of stroke after transient monocular blindness or retinal infarction of presumed
arterial origin J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, June 1, 2006; 77(6): 734 – 738.
1.41.1 Altered pattern
1.41.2 Central Venous Thrombosis
1.41.3 Infection (fever, elevated white
count, immunosuppressed)
1.41.4 New onset
1.41.5 Prior to Surgical intervention
1.41.6 Trauma
1.41.7.1 L. Santiago Medina, Byron
Bernal, Catalina Dunoyer, Luisa Cervantes, Marelis Rodriguez, Esperanza Pacheco, Prasanna
Jayakar, Glenn Morrison, John Ragheb, and Nolan R. Altman
1.41.7.2 Seizure Disorders:
Functional MR Imaging for Diagnostic Evaluation and Surgical Treatment—Prospective Study
Radiology July 2005 236:247-253;
1.41.7.3.1 ‘ The evaluation
of seizures is a common indication for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and
accounts for 1% of all MR imaging studies performed. While computed tomography
(CT) can be used in the detection of some lesions, MR imaging is clearly the more
sensitive imaging technique, particularly in the detection of early
disease.’
1.41.7.4 U C Wieshmann Clinical
application of neuroimaging in epilepsy J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry April 1, 2003
74:466-47
1.41.7.5 ACR Appropriateness
Criteria
1.42.1 MS suspected
1.43.1 Headache
1.44.1 Headache
1.45.1.1 Suggest MRI with
gadolinium
1.45.2.1 Suggest CTA or MRA of the
brain, can approve contrast enhanced CT or MRI
Henry, J. A., et. al.,
General Review of Tinnitus: Prevalence, Mechanisms, Effects, and
Management. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research v. 48 no. October
2005) p. 1204-35
Jane L. Weissman and Barry E. Hirsch
Imaging of Tinnitus: A Review Radiology August 2000 216:2 342-349
Lockwood, Alan H., Salvi, Richard J.,
Burkard, Robert F. Tinnitus N Engl J Med 2002 347: 904-910
1.46 Transient visual obscurations,
1.47.1 Recent trauma
1.47.2.1 Ataxia (unsteady and clumsy
motion of the limbs or trunk)
1.47.2.2.1 Memory loss
1.47.2.2.2 Confusion
1.47.2.2.3 Disorientation or
1.47.2.2.4 Behavioral changes
1.47.2.3 Decreased sensation on one
side
1.47.2.4 Difficulty Speaking
1.47.2.5 Dysphagia
1.47.2.6.1 Amaurosis fugax
1.47.2.6.2 Visual field loss
1.47.2.6.3 Diplopia
1.47.2.7 Syncope
1.47.2.8 Vertigo
1.47.2.9 weakness on one side
1.47.2.10.1 Wintermark, Max,
et al Acute Stroke Imaging Research Roadmap Stroke 39: 1621-1628;
1.47.2.10.2 American Heart
Association Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention, Stroke Council,
and the Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease Recommendations
for Imaging of Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Scientific Statement From the American
Heart Association Stroke 40: 3646-3678;
1.48 Urinary incontinence
1.49.1.1 Altered mental state
1.49.1.2 Cranial neuropathies
1.49.1.3 Diabetes mellitus, by
history
1.49.1.4 Hearing Loss
1.49.1.5 Loss of vision
1.49.1.6 Nausea or Vomiting
1.49.1.7 Nystagmus
1.49.1.8 Stroke, prior history
of
1.49.1.9 Tinnitus
1.49.1.10 Weakness or
paralysis
Kevin Barraclough, Adolfo Bronstein
Vertigo BMJ 2009;339:b3493, doi: 10.1136/bmj.b3493 (Published 22
September 2009)
David E. Newman-Toker, et al; Spectrum of Dizziness Visits to US Emergency
Departments: Cross-Sectional Analysis From a Nationally Representative Sample;
Mayo Clin Proc. July 2008 83(7):765-775; doi:10.4065/83.7.765
C S K Cheung, P S K Mak, K V Manley,
J M Y Lam, A Y L Tsang, H M S Chan, T H Rainer, C A Graham Predictors of important
neurological causes of dizziness among patients presenting to the
emergency department Emerg Med J 2010;27:517-521
doi:10.1136/emj.2009.078014 Ropper AH, Brown RH, “Chapter 15. Deafness, Dizziness,
and Disorders of Equilibrium” (Chapter). Ropper AH, Brown RH: Adams and
Victor’s Principles of Neurology, 8th Edition Daroff Robert B, “Chapter 22.
Dizziness and Vertigo” (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL,
Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th
Edition:
Jeffrey P. Staab; Michael J.
Ruckenstein Expanding the Differential Diagnosis of Chronic Dizziness
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;133(2):170-176.
Irwin Nazareth , Lucy Yardley ,
Natalie Owen , and Linda Luxon Outcome of symptoms of dizziness in a general
practice community sample Fam. Pract. 16: 616-618.
M Wasay, N Dubey, and R Bakshi Emerg
Dizziness and yield of emergency head CT scan: Is it cost effective? Med
J. 2005 April; 22(4): 312. doi: 10.1136/emj.2003.012765. PMCID: PMC1726733
Ramos, R
Antidepressants and Dizziness Journal of
Psychopharmacology 20:5 (sept 2003) p 708
1.50.1 Optic neuritis (see entry
above)
1.50.2 Suspect Stroke or TIA
1.51.1 Central Venous Thrombosis
1.51.2 Infection (fever, elevated white
count, immunosuppressed)
1.51.3 Trauma
1.52 Weakness
2.1.1 Altered sense of taste
2.1.2 Facial weakness or numbness
2.1.3 Gait Disturbance
2.1.4 Hearing loss, unilateral
2.1.5 Tinnitus
2.1.6.1 Johnson Jacob, Lalwani Anil
K, “Chapter 61. Vestibular Schwannoma (Acoustic Neuroma)” (Chapter). Lalwani AK: CURRENT
Diagnosis & Treatment in Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, 2nd Edition:
2.2.1 Headache
2.2.2.1 Elevated WBC
2.2.2.2 Fever
2.2.3 Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
2.2.4 Stroke
2.2.5 Suspected Pseudotumor Cerebri
2.2.6 Trauma, recent history of
2.2.7 Vasculitis
2.2.8.1 Practice parameter: the
utility of neuroimaging in the evaluation of headache in patients with normal neurological
examinations (summary statement). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the
American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 1994; 44:1353-1354.
2.2.8.2 F. K. Alehan; Value of
Neuroimaging in the Evaluation of Neurologically Normal Children With Recurrent Headache;
J Child Neurol, January 1, 2002; 17(11): 807 – 809.
2.2.8.3 Maytal, Joseph, Bienkowski,
Robert S., Patel, Mahendra, Eviatar, Lydia; The Value of Brain Imaging in Children With
Headaches; Pediatrics 1995 96: 413-416
2.2.8.4 Yoshito Tsushima, and Keigo
Endo; MR Imaging in the Evaluation of Chronic or Recurrent Headache; Radiology 2005 235:
575-579
2.2.8.5 Dodick, David W.; Chronic
Daily Headache;N Engl J Med 2006 354: 158-165
2.2.8.6 Michael E. Detsky, BSc; Devon
R. McDonald, BSc; Mark O. Baerlocher, MD; George A. Tomlinson, PhD; Douglas C. McCrory,
MD, MHSc; Christopher M. Booth, MD, FRCPC; Does This Patient With Headache Have a Migraine
or Need Neuroimaging?; JAMA. 2006;296:1274-1283.
2.2.8.7 Zahid H Bajwa, MD, R Joshua
Wootton, MDiv, PhD; Evaluation of headache in adults; UpToDate Online 15.2 accessed
7/18/07
2.2.8.8 Malm, Jan, Eklund, Anders
Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus PRACTICAL NEUROLOGY 2006 6: 14-27
2.2.8.9 Marvin A Fishman, MD
Hydrocephalus UpToDate 15.2 accessed 7/18/07
2.2.8.10 TE Gammal, MB Allen, Jr, BS
Brooks, and EK Mark MR evaluation of hydrocephalus Am. J. Roentgenol., Oct 1987; 149: 807
– 813.
2.2.8.11 C. M. Fisher Hydrocephalus
as a cause of disturbances of gait in the elderly Neurology, Dec 1982; 32: 1358.
2.3.1 Down Beating nystagmus
2.3.2 Follow up known Chiari
2.3.3 Headache
2.3.4 Incontinence
2.3.5 Lumbar myelomeningocele
2.3.6 Neck or back pain
2.3.7 Progressive cerebellar ataxia
2.3.8 Sensory loss
2.3.9 Spasticity
2.3.10 Syncope
2.3.11 Tethered cord
2.3.12.1 Greenlee JDW, Donovan KA,
Hasan DM, et al, Chiari I malformation in the very young child: the spectrum of
presentations and experience in 31 children under age 6 years, Pediatrics, 2002;
110:1212-1219.
2.3.12.2 Wu YW, Chin CT, Chan KM, et
al, Pediatric Chiari I malformations Do clinical and radiologic features correlate?
Neurology, 1999;
2.3.12.3 Bridgette Arnett
Arnold-Chiari Malformation Arch Neurol. 2003;60(6):898-900.
2.3.12.4 Masson C, Colombani JM
Chiari type 1 malformation and magnetic resonance imaging PRESSE MEDICALE Volume: 34
Issue: 21 Pages: 1662-1667 DEC 3 2005
2.4.1 MRA or CTA preferred. If ordered
without MRA or CTA send for physician review
2.4.2.1 Kaufmann, Timothy J.,
Kallmes, David F. Diagnostic Cerebral Angiography: Archaic and Complication-Prone or Here
to Stay for Another 80 Years? Am. J. Roentgenol. 2008 190: 1435-1437
2.4.2.2 Philip M. White, Evelyn M.
Teasdale, Joanna M. Wardlaw, and Valerie Easton Intracranial Aneurysms: CT Angiography and
MR Angiography for Detection—Prospective Blinded Comparison in a Large Patient Cohort
Radiology June 2001 219:739-749
2.4.2.3 Mika Okahara, Hiro Kiyosue,
Masanori Yamashita, Hirohumi Nagatomi, Hiroyuki Hata, Toshiyuki Saginoya, Yoshiko Sagara,
and Hiromu Mori Diagnostic Accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Angiography for Cerebral
Aneurysms in Correlation With 3D–Digital Subtraction Angiographic Images: A Study of 133
Aneurysms Stroke 33: 1803-1808,
2.5.1 Interval reassessment
2.6 Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis See Cerebral Venous
Thrombosis
2.7.1.1 Calvarial mass
2.7.1.2 Decreased vision
2.7.1.3 Exophthalmous
2.7.1.4 Focal neurologic deficits
2.7.1.5 Focal or generalized
seizures,
2.7.1.6 Headache
2.7.1.7 Hemiparesis or paraparesis.
2.7.1.8 Lethargy or Coma.
2.7.1.9 Mental status changes
2.7.1.10 Papilledema
2.7.1.11 Seizure
2.7.1.12 Transient visual deficits
2.7.1.13 Vomiting
2.7.2.1 Cancer
2.7.2.2 Contraceptive
medications
2.7.2.3 Dehydration
2.7.2.4 Erythropoetin Use
2.7.2.5 Hypercoagulable state
2.7.2.6 Marasmus
2.7.2.7 Meningitis
2.7.2.8 Post operative status
2.7.2.9 Post Partum
2.7.2.10 Sinusitis or middle ear
infections
2.7.2.11 Skull fracture over dural
sinus
2.7.2.12 Tamoxifen Use
2.7.3.1 Poon, Colin S., Chang,
Ja-Kwei, Swarnkar, Amar, Johnson, Michele H., Wasenko, John Radiologic Diagnosis of
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis: Pictorial Review Am. J. Roentgenol. 2007 189: S64-75
2.7.3.2 Greenberg Robert D,
Castleberry Jerry, “Chapter 29. Eye Emergencies” (Chapter). Stone CK, Humphries RL:
CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Emergency Medicine, 6th Edition
2.7.3.3 Ropper AH, Brown RH, “Chapter
34. Cerebrovascular Diseases” (Chapter). Ropper AH, Brown RH: Adams and Victor’s
Principles of Neurology, 8th Edition
2.8.1 Agnosia
2.8.2 Aphasia
2.8.3 Apraxia
2.8.4 Confusion
2.8.5 Disorientation
2.8.6 Fluctuating cognition
2.8.7 Memory loss
2.8.8 Mini Mental State score of 24 or less
on two occasions
2.8.9 Recurrent visual hallucinations
2.8.10 Spontaneous motor features of
Parkinsonism
2.8.11 Trauma, recent history of
2.8.12.1 Knopman DS; DeKosky ST;
Cummings JL; Chui H; Corey-Bloom J; Relkin N; Small GW; Miller B; Stevens JC Practice
parameter: diagnosis of dementia (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality
Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2001 May
8;56(9):1143-53.
2.9.1.1 Ataxia
2.9.1.2 Diplopia
2.9.1.3 Gait disturbance
2.9.1.4 Headache
2.9.1.5 Mental status changes
2.9.1.6 Papilledema
2.9.1.7 References:
2.9.2.1 Gait disturbance
2.9.2.2 Tremors
2.9.2.3 Urinary incontinence,
urgency, or frequency
2.9.2.4 Dementia
2.9.2.5 Known NPH with worsening
symptoms
2.9.3 Suspicion of VP
(ventriculoperitoneal) shunt malfunction
2.9.4.1 Age 0-5 yrs annually
2.9.4.2 Age 5 or older every 2
years
2.9.7.1 Adams and Victor’s Neurology
Adams and Victor’s Principles of Neurology, 8th Edition Allan H. Ropper, Robert H.
BrownChapter 30. Disturbances of Cerebrospinal Fluid and Its Circulation, Including
Hydrocephalus, Pseudotumor Cerebri, and Low-Pressure Syndromes
2.10.1 Fever, elevated WBC (leukocytosis),
known infectious elsewhere, or immunosuppressed AND
2.10.2.1 headache
2.10.2.2 drowsiness
2.10.2.3 confusion
2.10.2.4 disorientation
2.10.2.5 apraxia
2.10.2.6 aphasia
2.10.2.7 vomiting
2.10.2.8 seisures
2.10.2.9 neck stiffness or
pain
2.10.2.10 photophobia
2.11.1 Altered level of consciousness,
cognitive ability or personality
2.11.2 Ataxia
2.11.3 Diplopia
2.11.4 Lhermitte’s sign
2.11.5 Ophthalmoplegia
2.11.6 Optic neuritis
2.11.7 Pain with movement of the eye
2.11.8 Parestesias
2.11.9 Scotoma
2.11.10 Spasticity
2.11.11 Uhthoff’s phenomenon
2.11.12 Visual disturbances,
2.11.13 Weakness
2.11.14.1 Nueurology in Clinical
Practice 3d Ed. Bradley et al Eds. Butterworth Heinman Pub, pp 1638-1642
2.11.14.2 Kremenchutzky, M, Lee, D,
Rice, G P A, Ebers, G C Diagnostic brain MRI findings in primary progressive multiple
sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis 2000 6: 81-85
2.11.14.3 Harrison’s Internal
Medicine > Part 15. Neurologic Disorders Chapter 359. Multiple Sclerosis and Other
Demyelinating Diseases Stephen L. Hauser, Douglas S. Goodin
2.11.14.4 Poser, CM, Paty, DW,
Scheinberg, L, et al. New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines for
research protocols. Ann Neurol 1983; 13:227.
2.11.14.5 Diagnosis of multiple
sclerosis in adults Michael J Olek, DO in UpToDate 17.1
2.11.14.6 Polman, CH, Reingold, SC,
Edan, G, et al. Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2005 revisions to the
“McDonald Criteria”. Ann Neurol 2005; 58:840.
2.12.1 Marcus Gunn pupil Asymmetric pupillary
response to light
2.12.2 Ophthalmoplegia paralysis of some or
all of the muscles of the eye
2.12.3 Pain with movement of the eye
2.12.4 Scotoma
Balcer, LJ. Clinical
practice. Optic neuritis. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1273. Riordan-Eva P. Chapter
7. Disorders of the Eyes & Lids. In: McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, Rabow
MW, eds. CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2012. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012.
Hickman SJ, Toosy AT, Miszkiel KA, Jones SJ, Altmann DR, MacManus DG, Plant GT, Thompson
AJ, Miller DH Visual recovery following acute optic neuritis–a clinical,
electrophysiological and magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurol.
2004;251(8):996. Rizzo JF 3rd, Andreoli CM, Rabinov JD Use of magnetic
resonance imaging to differentiate optic neuritis and nonarteritic
anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(9):1679.
Kupersmith MJ, Alban T, Zeiffer B,
Lefton D Contrast-enhanced MRI in acute optic neuritis: relationship to visual
performance. Brain. 2002;125(Pt 4):812.
R. Bonhomme, A. T. Waldman, L. J.
Balcer, A. B. Daniels, G. I. Tennekoon, S. Forman, S. L. Galetta, and G. T. Liu
Pediatric optic neuritis: Brain MRI abnormalities and risk of multiple sclerosis
Neurology, Mar 2009; 72: 881 – 885.
2.13.1 Generally ordered to rule our other
causes of tremor
2.13.2 Advanced MRI techniques may be
approved if conventional imaging leaves doubt.
2.13.3 Prior to Deep Brain stimulation
2.13.4.1 MRI directed bilateral
stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in patients with Parkinson’s disease N K Patel, P
Plaha, K O’Sullivan, R McCarter, P Heywood, S S Gill J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
2003;74:1631-1637
2.13.4.2 Patrice Péran, et al
Magnetic resonance imaging markers of Parkinson’s disease nigrostriatal signature Brain
(2010) 133(11): 3423-3433
2.14.1.1 Male: 1–10 mIU/mL
2.14.1.2.1 Follicular
4–13
2.14.1.2.2 Luteal 2–13
2.14.1.2.3 Midcycle
5–22
2.14.1.2.4 Postmenopausal
20–138 (laboratory-specific)
2.14.2.1 0–5 ng/mL [mcg/L]
2.14.3.1 Male: 1–10 mIU/mL
2.14.3.2.1 Follicular
1–18
2.14.3.2.2 Luteal
0.4–20
2.14.3.2.3 Midcycle peak
24–105
2.14.3.2.4 Postmenopausal
15–62 (laboratory-specific)
2.14.4.1 >20 ng/mL [mcg/L]
2.14.5.1 0.4–6 mcU/mL [mU/L]
2.14.6.1 Nicoll Diana, McPhee Stephen
J, Pignone Michael, Lu Chuanyi Mark, Pocket Guide to Diagnostic Tests,
5e
2.14.6.2 Harrison’s Online the
complete contents of Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th Edition Dennis L.
Kasper, Eugene Braunwald, Anthony S. Fauci, Stephen L. Hauser, Dan L. Longo, J. Larry
Jameson, and Kurt J. Isselbacher, Eds. Chapter 318. Disorders of the Anterior Pituitary
and Hypothalamus Shlomo Melmed, J. Larry Jameson
2.15.1 Acute headache with vomiting
2.15.2 Bitemporal hemianopsia
2.15.3 Depressed level of
consciousness
2.15.4.1 Frederick Shane, Danzl
Daniel F, “Chapter 41. Metabolic & Endocrine Emergencies” (Chapter). Stone CK,
Humphries RL: CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Emergency Medicine, 6th Edition:
2.15.4.2 Rita N., AbdelMannan, Dima,
Selman, Warren R., Arafah, Baha M. Analytic Review: Pituitary Tumor Apoplexy: A Review J
Intensive Care Med 2008 23: 75-90
2.15.4.3 Robert L. Reid; Malachi E.
Quigley; Samuel S. C. Yen Pituitary Apoplexy: A Review Arch Neurol.
1985;42(7):712-719.
2.16.1 Abducens palsy (inability to deviate
the eye laterally)
2.16.2 Altered level of consciousness,
cognitive ability or personality
2.16.3 Diplopia
2.16.4 Enlargement of the blind spots
2.16.5 Headache, worse on straining
2.16.6 Papilledema
2.16.7 Visual disturbance
2.16.8.1 Michael J. Aminoff, DSc, MD,
FRCP Chapter 24. Nervous System Disorders Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2009,
Forty-Eighth Edition Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies > Chapter 24.
Nervous System Disorders
2.16.8.2 Thapa, Rajoo, Mukherjee,
Swapan Transient Bilateral Oculomotor Palsy in Pseudotumor Cerebri J Child Neurol 2008 23:
580-581
2.17.1 Ataxia (unsteady and clumsy motion of
the limbs or trunk)
2.17.2.1 Memory loss
2.17.2.2 Confusion
2.17.2.3 Disorientation or
2.17.2.4 Behavioral changes
2.17.3 Decreased sensation on one side
2.17.4 Difficulty Speaking
2.17.5 Dysphagia
2.17.6.1 Amaurosis fugax
2.17.6.2 Visual field loss
2.17.6.3 Diplopia
2.17.7 Syncope
2.17.8 Vertigo
2.17.9 weakness on one side
2.17.10.1 Wintermark, Max, et al
Acute Stroke Imaging Research Roadmap Stroke 39: 1621-1628;
2.17.10.2 American Heart Association
Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention, Stroke Council, and the
Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease Recommendations for Imaging of
Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Stroke
40: 3646-3678;
2.18 Tic Doloreux See Trigeminal Neuralgia
2.19.1.1 Trigeminal reflex tests
abnormal or not feasible
2.19.1.2 Failure to respond to
medical therapy (e.g. carbamazepine or another anticonvulsant)
2.19.1.3.1 G. Gronseth, G.
Cruccu, J. Alksne, C. Argoff, M. Brainin, K. Burchiel, T. Nurmikko, and J. M.
Zakrzewska, MD, FDSRCS, FFDRCSI Practice Parameter: The diagnostic evaluation and
treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (an evidence-based review): Report of the
Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the
European Federation of Neurological Societies Neurology October 7, 2008
71:1183-1190; published ahead of print August 20, 2008,
2.19.1.3.2 A. Pichiecchio,
Bilateral trigeminal enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging in a patient with
multiple sclerosis and trigeminal neuralgia Mult Scler July 2007 13:
814-816
2.19.1.3.3 Mills, R J, Young,
C A, Smith, E T Central trigeminal involvement in multiple sclerosis using
high-resolution MRI at 3 T Br J Radiol 2010 83: 493-498 NOTE: This study found no
correlation between MRI findings and symptomatorlogy.
2.19.1.3.4 Roshan Koul, Amna
Alfutaisi, Rajeev Jain, and Faisal Alzri Trigeminal Neuralgia Due to Anterior
Inferior Cerebellar Artery Loop: A Case Report J Child Neurol August 2009 24:
989-990
2.19.1.3.5 Cruccu G,
Biasiotta A, Galeotti F, Iannetti GD, Truini A, Gronseth G. Diagnostic accuracy of
trigeminal reflex testing in trigeminal neuralgia. Neurology. 2006 Jan
10;66(1):139-41.
2.19.1.3.6 Goh BT, Poon CY,
Peck RH. The importance of routine magnetic resonance imaging in trigeminal
neuralgia diagnosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod
2001;92:424–429.
2.20 Dandy Walker cyst
2.21 Encephalocele
2.22.1 Head circumference less than 2
standard deviations below average for age
2.23.1 Head circumference greater than 2
standard deviations above average for age
2.24 Developmental delay
2.25.1 Send to physician review
2.26.1.1 Amnesia
2.26.1.2.Altered level of
consciousness
2.26.1.3.Vomiting
2.26.1.4 Seizure
2.26.1.5 Coagulopathy or current
treatment with heparin or Coumadin
2.26.1.6 Skull fracture
2.26.1.7 Ataxia
2.26.1.8 Aphasia
2.26.1.9 Decreased sensation in a
limb
2.26.1.10 Visual field loss
2.26.1.11 Double vision
2.26.1.12 Memory loss
2.26.2.1. Vomiting
2.26.2.2 Sudden severe hypertension
2.26.2.3. Decreased level of
consciousness
2.26.2.4 Thunderclap headache
2.26.2.5. Worst headache of life
2.26.2.6 Known aneurysm
2.26.2.7 Treated aneurysm and/or AVM
with new headache or neurologic findings
2.26.2.8 Stiff neck
2.26.2.9 Seizures
2.26.2.10 Third nerve palsy
2.26.3.1 Hypertension with new onset
headache
2.26.3.2 Known brain tumor with new
neurologic findings
2.26.3.4 New onset of neurologic
symptoms
2.27.1 Motor weakness affecting a limb,
face, or body
2.27.2 Decreased sensation affecting a limb,
face or body
2.27.3 Ataxia
2.27.4 Confusion, memory loss, or
disorientation
2.27.5 Visual disturbance
2.27.6 Aphasia
2.27.7 Dysarthria
2.27.8 Dysphagia
2.27.9. Vertigo with headache or nystagmus
2.27.10 Numbness, tingling, paresthesias
2.27.11 Papilledema
2.27.12 Stiff neck
2.27.13 New onset of severe headache
2.27.14 Drowsiness
2.27.15 Vomiting
2.27.16 Nystagmus
2.27.17 Cranial nerve palsy
2.27.18 Gait disturbance
2.27.19 Personality or behavioral changes
2.27.20 New seizures
2.27.21 Hearing loss or tinnitus
2.27.22 Sudden falls
2.28.1 Anosmia
2.28.2 Weakness of muscles of mastication
2.28.3 Sensory loss in the head and neck
2.28.4 Weakness or paralysis of facial
expression
2.28.5 Weakness of the palate
2.28.6 Vocal cord paralysis
2.28.7 Weakness of the sternocleidomastoid
muscle
2.28.8 Weakness or paralysis of the trapezius
2.28.9 Weakness or paralysis of the tongue
2.29.1 First-degree relative with
neurofibromatosis 1 or 2
2.29.2 Scoliosis
2.29.3 Seizure disorder
2.29.4 Peripheral neurofibromas
2.29.5 Hearing loss
2.29.6.Brain tumor suspected
2.29.7 Spinal cord tumor
2.29.8 Lisch nodules in the iris of the eye
2.29.9 Bone dysplasia
2.29.10 Headache
3.1.1.1 Current Consult: Medicine,
2006 by Maxine A. Papadakis, Stephen J. McPhee Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.
3.1.1.2 Friedman DI: Pseudotumor
cerebri. Neurol Clin 2004;22:99
3.1.1.3 Adams and Victor’s Principles
of Neurology,8th Edition Allan H. Ropper, Robert H. Brown Eds. Copyright © 2005,>
Chapter 10. Headache and Other Craniofacial Pains > Principal Varieties of
Headache
3.1.1.4 Simon, J.E., Morgan, S.C.,
Pexman, J.H.W., Hill, M.D., Buchan, A.M. CT assessment of conjugate eye deviation in acute
stroke Neurology 2003 60: 135-137
3.1.1.5 Hauser Stephen L, Goodin
Douglas S, “Chapter 375. Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Diseases” (Chapter).
Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison’s
Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th Edition:
3.2.1 Central Venous Thrombosis
3.3.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA 3.3.2
Trauma
3.4.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA
3.5.1 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH
suspected)
3.6.1 Hydocephalus
3.6.2 Multiple Sclerosis
3.6.3 Suspect Stroke or TIA
3.7 Bitemporal hemianopsia
3.8 Change in clinical status after stroke
3.9.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA
3.10.1 Suspect Stroke or TIA
3.11 Enlargement of the blind spots
3.12.1 Fever
3.12.2 Trauma
3.12.3 Suspect Stroke or TIA
3.13.1 Central Venous Thrombosis
3.13.2 Hydrocephalus, Suspected
obstructive
3.13.3 Suspect Stroke or TIA
3.14.1 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH),
Suspected
3.15.1.1 Acute headache with
vomiting
3.15.1.2 Bitemporal
hemianopsia
3.15.1.3 Depressed level of
consciousness
3.15.1.4.1 Frederick Shane,
Danzl Daniel F, “Chapter 41. Metabolic & Endocrine Emergencies” (Chapter).
Stone CK, Humphries RL: CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Emergency Medicine, 6th
Edition: 3.15.1.4.2
Rita N., AbdelMannan, Dima, Selman, Warren R., Arafah, Baha M. Analytic Review:
Pituitary Tumor Apoplexy: A Review J Intensive Care Med 2008 23: 75-90 3.15.1.4.3
Robert L. Reid; Malachi E. Quigley; Samuel S. C. Yen Pituitary Apoplexy: A Review
Arch Neurol. 1985;42(7):712-719.
3.15.2 Suspected Multiple Sclerosis
3.15.3.1 Simon, J.E., Morgan, S.C.,
Pexman, J.H.W., Hill, M.D., Buchan, A.M. CT assessment of conjugate eye deviation in acute
stroke Neurology 2003 60: 135-137
3.15.3.2 Hauser Stephen L, Goodin
Douglas S, “Chapter 375. Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Diseases” (Chapter).
Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison’s
Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th Edition:
3.16 Papilledema
3.17.1 Suspected tumor affecting Cranial
Nerve
3.18 Visual field loss
4.1 Follicular Stimulating Hormone (FSH), abnormal
level
4.2 Growth Hormone (GH), abnormal level
4.3 Luteinizing Hormone (LH), abnormal level
4.4 Prolactin (PRL), abnormal level
4.5 Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), abnormal
level
5.1.1 Imaging required while on treatment
(monoclonal antibody therapy)
5.2.1.1 Cranial nerve palsy
5.2.1.2 Headache
5.2.1.3. Seizure
5.2.1.4 Sensory deficit
5.2.1.5. Pituitary dysfunction
5.2.1.6. Vision loss
5.2.1.7 Cognitive changes
5.2.1.8 Psychiatric symptoms
5.3 HIV infection
5.4.1.1 Between 3
and 32 days following the tick bite, which the patient may not notice, a gradually
expanding area of redness with clearing (erythema migrans) occurs at the bite site. The
involved skin is warm but not particularly tender to touch. About half of affected
patients will develop smaller lesions of similar morphology at areas remote from the
bite site over ensuing days to weeks. In stage-1 disease (erythema migrans), often there
are fever, chills, malaise, and regional lymphadenopathy. In stage 2 (days to weeks
after infection), symptoms related to the multisystemic nature of Lyme borreliosis often
appear, such as meningitis, hepatitis, sore throat, dry cough, heart block and other
cardiac abnormalities, musculoskeletal pain, and neuropathy. Fatigue and lethargy are
prominent and may persist for months after the skin lesions have disappeared. Jaffe
Jon, Morris James E, “Chapter 40. Infectious Disease Emergencies” (Chapter). Stone CK,
Humphries RL: CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Emergency Medicine, 6th Edition:
5.4.2.1.1 Characteristic
rash
5.4.2.1.2 Erythema
Migrans
5.4.2.1.3 Joint pain
5.4.2.2 Fever
5.4.2.3 Positive Lyme
titers
5.4.3.1 CSF findings
5.4.3.2 Fever
5.4.3.3 Headache
5.4.3.4 Mental status change
5.4.3.5 Nuchal rigidity
5.4.3.6 Photophobia
5.4.4.1 J. Oksi , H. Kalimo , R. J.
Marttila , M. Marjamaki , P. Sonninen , J. Nikoskelainen , and M. K. Viljanen
Inflammatory brain changes in Lyme borreliosis: A report on three patients and review of
literature Brain 119: 2143-2154.
5.3.4.2 P Oschmann, W Dorndorf, C
Hornig, C Schäfer, HJ Stages and syndromes of neuroborreliosis Journal of neurology,
Volume 245, Number 5 247-255 May, 1998
5.5.1 Changing clinical condition
5.5.2 Interval reevaluation
5.5.3.1 Zimmerman, RD, Fleming, CA,
Saint-Louis, LA, Lee, BC, Manning, JJ, Deck, MD Magnetic resonance imaging of
meningiomas AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1985 6: 149-157
5.6 Melanoma, Initial Staging of Disease
5.7.1 Changing clinical condition
5.8.1 Altered clinical picture
5.8.2 Annual follow up
5.8.3 If under treatment 6 month follow ups
are permitted
5.8.4.1 Filippi M, Rocca MA, Arnold
DL, et al, ESFN guidelines of the use of neuroimaging in the management of multiple
sclerosis, Eur J Neuro, 2006; 13:313-325.
5.9 Sarcoma, Initial Staging of Disease
5.10 Small cell lung cancer, Initial Staging of
Disease
5.11.1 Amnesia
5.11.2 Altered consciousness
5.11.3 Vomiting
5.11.4 Focal neurologic finding
5.11.5 Headache
5.11.6 Seizure
5.11.7 Coagulopathy
5.11.8.1 Kirsch Thomas D, Lipinski
Christopher A, “Chapter 255. Head Injury” (Chapter). Tintinalli JE, Kelen GD,
Stapczynski JS, Ma OJ, Cline DM: Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study
Guide, 6e: